This chapter deals with rhetoric – the art of persuasion. Every time we write, we argue. By writing, we try to convince and influence our readers directly or indirectly. We work to get them to change their minds, do something or think in new ways. Therefore, every writer must know and be able to apply the principles of rhetoric. The first step in such knowledge is to recognize the argumentative nature of all writings. Note on terminology: Many researchers distinguish between primary and secondary evidence sources (in this case, “primary” means “first” or “original”, not “most important”). Primary sources include original documents, photos, interviews, etc. Secondary sources present information that has already been processed or interpreted by someone else. For example, if you write a work about the “Matrix” movie, the movie itself, an interview with the director, and production photos, they could serve as primary sources of evidence. A film review from a magazine or a collection of essays on the film would be secondary sources. Depending on the context, the same point could be a primary or secondary source: when I write about the relationship between humans and animals, a collection of animal stories could be a secondary source; When I write about how publishers collect different stories in collections, the same book could now serve as a primary source. When you receive a writing job, it`s very tempting to see it as another hoop to take, rather than as a real rhetorical situation, an opportunity to influence others with your writing.
It is certainly tempting to see oneself written solely for the teacher, without any real purpose and without being aware of the context of one`s writing. Sometimes the best proof of your argument is a concrete fact or a visual representation of a fact. This type of evidence can be a solid backbone for your argument, but you still need to create context for your reader and make the connections you want him or her to make. Keep in mind that statistics, data, tables, graphs, photos, and illustrations are all open for interpretation. Guide the reader through the interpretation process. Again, always cite the origin of your evidence if you did not produce the material you are using yourself. Primary sources are first-hand experiences, reports, observations, reports, or accounts. Primary sources may be diaries, letters, contemporary diaries, or accounts of events by eyewitnesses.
Official records (p.B the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms), survey data and laboratory results are also primary sources. In the humanities, the text you write about is also considered your main text. For example, if you are writing a work on Macbeth, then the article is your primary source. In science, primary sources are also the results of a peer-reviewed experiment published in an academic journal. Argumentative essay work usually requires extensive research into previously published literature or material. Argumentative tasks may also require empirical research, in which the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn more about the topic and understand different points of view on the topic so that they can choose a position and support it with the evidence gathered during the research. Regardless of the amount or type of research, argumentative essays must make a clear thesis and follow a well-founded argument. Understanding how logos, pathos, and ethics should work together is very important for authors doing research. Often, research papers are written in a way that seems to emphasize logical evidence rather than emotional or ethical evidence. This logical evidence in research usually consists of factual information, statistics, examples, and other similar evidence.
According to this view, authors of scientific papers should be impartial and objective, and the use of logical evidence will help them to be. Writing research is often categorized as “non-argumentative.” This happens because of the way we learn to write research papers. Most of us do this through the traditional research report, which focuses too much on gathering information and note cards and not enough on building attractive and interesting points of view for a real audience. It is the collection and compilation of information and not something productive and interesting with this information that becomes the main objectives of this writing exercise. Generic research is also often evaluated based on the amount and accuracy of the external information it collects, rather than the persuasive impact it has and the interest it generates among readers. When composing, each writer must take into account the conditions under which the writing is produced and read. It is common to present the three key elements of the rhetorical situation as a triangle of author, reader and text or as a “communicator”, an “audience” and a “message”. Secondary sources are reviews written by academics and academics. These sources are considered secondary because they examine primary sources to make an argument or support a point of view; as such, they may be selective with their evidence or be part of a debate among a number of scholars.
In science, journals that are investigations of articles that demonstrate an understanding of a field are considered secondary. It`s a good idea to be aware of bias in secondary sources when used as evidence. .
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